German Lamp Pottery
to
10
63
28
93
58
3
1
1
1
1
1
92
1
57
21
1
1
2
25
17
1
91
40
10
9
5
88
84
1
1
1
93
93
93
9
4
2
2
2
Sort By
Vintage West German Pottery Brown Ceramic Light Base, 1960s
By West German Pottery
Located in Markington, GB
Vintage West German pottery brown ceramic light base, 1960s
Measures: Height 47cm, depth 26cm
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Ceramic Table Lamp Germany 1970s
By West German Pottery
Located in Antwerp, BE
Modern 1970s brown and white glazed ceramic table lamp consisting of a square ceramic base on which
Category
Vintage 1970s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
West German Pottery Vintage Orange Ceramic Light Base with Lampshade, 1960s
By West German Pottery
Located in Markington, GB
West German pottery vintage orange ceramic light base with original lampshade, 1960s.
Measures
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Fabric
H 31.5 in W 17.72 in D 17.72 in
Large Table Lamp in Ceramic Brown color France 1970 Signed West Germany
By West German Pottery
Located in Auribeau sur Siagne, FR
This lamp has been made in Germany, in the 1970s.
The ceramic is Old patinated, ..
Brown Color.
The
Category
Vintage 1970s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Pottery Blue Handcrafted Table Lamp German 1970 Adjustable Studio Lamp
Located in Epfach, DE
A beautiful handcrafted pottery table lamp with beautiful blue tones and some copper tones which
Category
Vintage 1970s German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
1970s Vintage German Handcrafted Dark Brown Studio Pottery Table Lamp
Located in London, GB
1970s German handcrafted matte chocolate brown pottery table lamp. The table lamp is interestingly
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Brass
Vintage Pottery Table Lamp by Rosenthal, Germany, 1970s
By Rosenthal
Located in Esbjerg, DK
Hand glazed ceramic table light from Rosenthal's Studio-Line. Designed and manufactured in Germany
Category
Vintage 1970s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Pair of Ceramic Table Lamps, 1970s West-German Pottery
By Goebel Company
Located in Cork, IE
This pair of orange and brown ceramic lamps in the West-German pottery / Fat Lava style is in
Category
Vintage 1970s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Mid-Century German Pottery Table Lamp from Thoms Keramik, 1960s
By Thomas Keramik
Located in Hamburg, DE
Table lamp from the North German pottery Thoms Keramik.
A classic lamp design with ceramic base
Category
20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Sculptural Off-White and Gold Ceramic Urn Table Lamp, West Germany Pottery
Located in Clifton Springs, NY
West German pottery urn or baluster shaped table lamp with abstract geometric pattern is decorated
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Gold
2 x Small Pottery Table Lamp, Hand, Black / White, 1980s, by Aro Germany
By Hillebrand
Located in Berlin, BE
2 x Original 1980s small ceramic table lamps by ARO, Germany
Also looks great with another big
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
H 7.09 in W 4.72 in D 3.94 in
German Pottery Table Lamp by 1814 Hutschenreuther Le Lion, 1960s
Located in Brussels, BE
German pottery table lamp by 1814 Hutschenreuther Le Lion, 1960s
Category
Mid-20th Century European Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Rare Large German Pottery Table Lamp by Hutschenreuther Le Lion – 1960s
Located in Antwerp, BE
Rare German Pottery Table Lamp by Hutschenreuther Le Lion – 1960s
This striking ceramic table lamp
Category
20th Century French Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Fabric, Rope
Brown and Taupe Glazed Ceramic Floor Lamp, Germany
By OTHR
Located in Rijssen, NL
.
A typical way to finish ceramic pottery in mid-century West-Germany.
With a custom made lamp shade
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Floor Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery
Sculptural Ceramic Table Lamp, West Germany
By Scheurich Keramik, Carstens Tönnieshof, Bay Keramik
Located in Clifton Springs, NY
West German pottery table lamp with abstract geometric pattern is decorated with mottled off-white
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Brass
Lamp Table Floor West German Lava Pierced Patterned Hexagonal
Located in BUNGAY, SUFFOLK
LArge, West German, Mid-Century Modern, brown & white, pierced & patterned, ceramic, hexagonal lava
Category
Vintage 1960s German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
Lamp Table Floor West German Figural, Lava, Massive, Pierced Motled
Located in BUNGAY, SUFFOLK
Massive, West German, Mid-Century Modern, brown & white, pierced, motled ceramic, figural table
Category
Vintage 1960s German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
Fat Lava Brown and Red Ceramic Table Lamp, West-Germany
By OTHR
Located in Rijssen, NL
ceramic pottery in mid-century West-Germany.
With a special custom made lamp shade by René Houben. With a
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery, Fabric, Silk
Red Ceramic Studio Pottery Table Light by Cari Zalloni for Fohr, Germany 1970s
By Cari Zalloni, Fohr
Located in Kirchlengern, DE
Article:
Ceramic table light
Producer:
F, Germany
Designer:
Cari Zalloni
Category
Late 20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
H 11.62 in W 5.91 in D 5.91 in
Mid-Century Brutalist Studio Pottery Table Lamp by Gerhard Liebenthron, 1960s
By Gerhard Liebenthron
Located in Hamburg, DE
Mid-Century Brutalist German Studio Pottery Table Lamp by Gerhard Liebenthron, 1960s, in Very Good
Category
20th Century German Brutalist Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Lamp Table Floor West German Lava Original Shade Brown Stone Gold 62cm/24.5"high
Located in BUNGAY, SUFFOLK
WEST GERMAN, MID-CENTURY MODERN, BROWN & STONE, CERAMIC VASE LAVA TABLE LAMP WITH ORIGINAL GOLD
Category
Vintage 1960s German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
H 24.41 in Dm 7.49 in
Vintage Stig Lindberg Style Pottery Lamp with Macramé Shade – Blue Tones
By Stig Lindberg
Located in Bad Säckingen, DE
This vintage lamp combines a pottery base reminiscent of Stig Lindberg’s iconic Scandinavian style
Category
Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Fabric, Ceramic
Fat Lava Carstens Tonnieshof Ceramic Pottery RareLarge 'Atelier' Floor Jug Lamp
By Gerda Heuckeroth
Located in Waddinxveen, ZH
This Carstens mid-century large 'Atelier' floor jug lamp was designed in 1968 by Gerda Heuckeroth
Category
Vintage 1960s German Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
H 22.84 in Dm 9.06 in
XL Mid-Century West German Table Lamp Designed by Bodo Mans
By Bruno Karlsson
Located in Los Angeles, CA
XL Mid-Century Bay Keramic West German Art Pottery Lamp. This gorgeous Bodo Mans designed ceramic
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Pair of 1970s Vintage Midcentury West German Ceramic Carstens Table Lamps
By Carstens Tönnieshof
Located in Regensburg, DE
Gorgeous WGP set consisting of two West German Pottery Table Lamps by Carstens Tönnieshof from the
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Country Style Large Pair of Table Lamps Sofina Boutique Kitzbühel
By Sofina Boutique Kitzbühel
Located in Kitzbühel, Tirol
Pair of large table lamps by Sofina Boutique Kitzbühel. Transformed from a large pair of brown
Category
Mid-20th Century German Country Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
Earthcolored Running Glaze Ceramic Table Lamp, 1960s
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Handmade midcentury modern ceramic table lamp with shiny running earthcolored tone glaze in sand
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery, Stoneware
Pair of 60s German Pottery Pendant lamps
Located in Pasadena, CA
Pair of 60s German Pottery Pendant lamps. Great lighting and design. The wholes on the side of the
Category
Vintage 1960s Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants
Materials
Pottery
Important Ceramic Floor Lamp / Lampadaire Owl by Walter Gerhards, Circa 1960-70
By Walter Gerhards
Located in VÉZELAY, FR
prominent figure of the German Fat Lava ceramic school.
This floor lamp from the 1960s-1970s is a true
Category
Vintage 1960s German Scandinavian Modern Floor Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery, Fabric
H 55.91 in Dm 14.18 in
Postmodern German Studio Pottery Abstract Candleholder and Aroma Lamp, 1980s
Located in Hamburg, DE
Postmodern German Studio Pottery Abstract Candleholder and Aroma Lamp, 1980s, in Very Good
Category
20th Century German Post-Modern More Candle Holders
Materials
Ceramic
Several Brown Toned Mixed Wall Lights in Glazed Ceramic Style, 1970
By OTHR
Located in Rijssen, NL
We have a whole range of mid-century West-Germany wall lights all in brown tones
They are from
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery
Brutalistic Vintage Pottery Wall Lamp from Brakelmann & Becker, 1970s
Located in Kelkheim (Taunus), HE
Brutalisic Wall Lamp from Brakelmann & Becker in Germany. 40 x 40 cm slate Plate with an
Category
Vintage 1970s German Brutalist Wall Lights and Sconces
Materials
Slate
H 3.15 in W 15.75 in D 15.75 in
Pair of Midcentury Wall Lamp or Ceiling Flush Mount PAN, Ceramic, Germany, 1970s
Located in Praha, CZ
- very nice style of lighting
- rare type
- marked
- space age style.
Category
Vintage 1970s Mid-Century Modern Wall Lights and Sconces
Materials
Lava
H 9.45 in W 9.45 in D 2.76 in
Pair of Late 18th Century Brown Painted Batavia Trumpet Vases ‘Could Be Lamps’
Located in London, by appointment only
These trumpet vases are European and were made to copy Chinese porcelain vases being exported to Europe from China.
This pattern is known as Batavia and is characteristic with th...
Category
Antique Late 18th Century German Louis XVI Vases
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery
West German Carstens Textured Ceramic Lamp by Gerda Heuckeroth
By West German Pottery
Located in New Westminster, British Columbia
This striking West German large-scale pottery lamp is in gorgeous rich shades of cobalt blue
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Metal
West German Petit Pottery Lamp
Located in Southampton, NY
A beautifully glazed petit West German Pottery vase (in yellow, brown and grey) newly mounted as a
Category
Mid-20th Century German Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Earthenware
Ceramic Table Light Attrb West-Germany, 1960's
By West German Pottery
Located in Amsterdam, NL
White and brown ceramic table light with white lamp shade. It has the original wiring, but we can
Category
Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Glazed West German Nava Pottery Vase Lamp
Located in Oisterwijk, NL
Beautifully glazed West German pottery vase mounted as a lamp. Bottle shaped base, at once
Category
Vintage 1940s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
Spherical Lampstand, Table Lamp, Art Pottery, 1970s, Germany, Cream Brown Glaze
Located in Ettlingen, Baden-Wurttemberg
A lampstand for a table lamp by Assenmacher, Germany, circa 1970. It is turned and has a glaze in
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Clay
H 10.83 in Dm 8.67 in
Large Art Pottery Floor Lamp Stand, Green Brown Caramel Glaze, Germany, 1960s
Located in Ettlingen, Baden-Wurttemberg
Unique art pottery ceramical floor lamp stand with a silky green-brown-caramel glaze by Lilo
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Floor Lamps
Materials
Clay
1960's Vase As Lamp With Hand Sewn Silk Shade, Germany
Located in Sint-Kruis, BE
1960's vase as lamp with hand sewn silk shade, Germany
Category
Vintage 1960s German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
Large West German Fat Lava Vase by BAY Keramik
By Bay Keramik
Located in Bodicote, Oxfordshire
A very nice large original West German fat lava pottery lamp by BAY Keramik and is model number 216
Category
Vintage 1960s German Vases
Materials
Pottery
Mid Century German Pottery Lamp
Located in Fairfax, VA
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN POTTERY THAT HAS BEEN CONVERTED IN TO A GREAT LAMP .
Category
Vintage 1950s German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
West German Pottery Converted into Lamp
Located in New York City, NY
Pottery from West Germany that has been converted into a lamp with Bronze fittings. Shade Included.
Category
20th Century German Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Oversized Ceramic Table Lamp
By West German Pottery
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Large oversized Ceramic Pottery Lamp that sits on a painted black wood base. Two pull chains with
Category
Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Tall Ceramic Vase Germany Possibly Lamp, Early 1970s
Located in Saint-Amans-des-Cots, FR
Tall vintage ceramic vase, Germany, early 1970s. It can be mounted as a lamp as it was sometimes
Category
Vintage 1970s German Mid-Century Modern Pottery
Materials
Ceramic
Large Vintage Ceramic Vase, Germany, Early 1970s, Possibly Lamp
Located in Saint-Amans-des-Cots, FR
shape. It can be mounted as a lamp. Marked "W.Germany 517-38" under the base.
Category
Vintage 1970s German Mid-Century Modern Pottery
Materials
Ceramic
Wild German Pottery Lamp with Illuminated Base
Located in Brooklyn, NY
A huge, Ruscha glazed pottery lamp in shades varying from cream to dark chocolate brown with
Category
Vintage 1960s German Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Late 20th Century Pottery Table Lamp Horst Kerstan Germany
By Horst Kerstan
Located in Kitzbühel, Tirol
Table lamp transformed from a German pottery chocolate brown glazed with blue and black details
Category
Late 20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
Vintage Orange Space Age Table Lamp with Textile Shade, Mid Century Modern
By West German Pottery
Located in ROTTERDAM, ZH
A vintage space age table lamp with orange flower shade and ceramic base. The lamp requires one E27
Category
1990s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Textile, Ceramic
Vintage Set Table Lamps from W Germany Pottery, 1960s
Located in Oirlo, LI
Vintage set table lamps from W Germany Pottery, 1960s
Beautiful white ceramic table lamps from
Category
Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Glass
German Pottery Large Table Lamp by 1814 Hutschenreuther Le Lion, 1960s
By Hutschenreuther
Located in Brussels, BE
German pottery large table lamp by 1814 Hutschenreuther Le Lion, 1960s.
Category
Mid-20th Century European Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
Mid-Century Art Pottery Vase Lamp
Located in London, GB
A mid-twentieth century pottery art vase lamp, the body with chocolate glazed bands upon a cream
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery
Large Brutalist Ceramic Lamp, Germany, c.1970
Located in Surbiton, GB
Very rare, large ceramic lamp with a matt glass opaline sphere. Manufactured in Germany c.1970. Its
Category
Vintage 1970s German Brutalist Floor Lamps
Materials
Pottery, Glass
Raymor Hot Lava Pottery Table Lamp Bay Keramik
By Bay Keramik
Located in Miami, FL
Great tall lava drip glaze Bay Keramik vase mounted as a lamp and imported by Raymor from Germany
Category
Vintage 1960s German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
A brown drip glaze art pottery lamp
Located in London, GB
Germany, circa 1950
A mid-century art pottery vase of large scale with cream and brown horizontal
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
Pair of Orange Volcanic Glaze Art Pottery Vases as Table Lamps
Located in London, GB
A pair of midcentury art pottery vases with volcanic glaze and orange drip glaze of spherical form
Category
Mid-20th Century German Table Lamps
Materials
Pottery
West German Yellow, Brown, Glazed Lamps
Located in New York, NY
Pair of West German pottery lamps with a stylized Ikat pattern in yellow and brown tones mounted on
Category
20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Bronze
Fat Lava Brown and Red Ceramic Table Lamp, West-Germany
By OTHR
Located in Rijssen, NL
ceramic pottery in mid-century West-Germany.
With a special custom made lamp shade by René Houben. With a
Category
Mid-20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic, Silk, Fabric, Pottery
West German Navy Blue, Tan Ceramic Totem Lamps
Located in New York, NY
Pair of West German pottery lamps featuring striated colors of dark blue and tan colors. Lamps have
Category
20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps
Materials
Ceramic
- 1
Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "German Lamp Pottery", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.
German Lamp Pottery For Sale on 1stDibs
With a vast inventory of beautiful furniture at 1stDibs, we’ve got just the piece of German lamp pottery you’re looking for. Frequently made of ceramic, pottery and metal, every item from our selection of German lamp pottery was constructed with great care. You’ve searched high and low for the perfect choice in our collection of German lamp pottery — we have versions that date back to the 18th Century alongside those produced as recently as the 20th Century are available. Each object in our assortment of German lamp pottery bearing Mid-Century Modern, Art Deco or Art Nouveau hallmarks is very popular. You’ll likely find more than one option in this array of German lamp pottery that is appealing in its simplicity, but Cari Zalloni, West German Pottery and Bay Keramik produced versions that are worth a look.
How Much is a German Lamp Pottery?
Prices for a piece of German lamp pottery can differ depending upon size, time period and other attributes — at 1stDibs, they begin at $320 and can go as high as $4,961, while the average can fetch as much as $1,222.
Questions About German Lamp Pottery
- How can you tell German pottery?1 Answer1stDibs ExpertOctober 24, 2024To tell German pottery, look on the bottom or inside for a maker's marking. Using trusted online resources, you can then research the marking and identify both the maker and the country in which it operates or operated. Some well-known makers of German pottery include Villeroy & Boch, Meissen, Dresdner Porzellan, Königliche Porzellan Manufaktur, Rosenthal, Fuerstenberg, Nymphenburg, Wallendorfer, Scheurich and ES Keramik. Explore a large collection of German pottery on 1stDibs.
- 1stDibs ExpertNovember 4, 2024To identify German pottery, look over the base or interior for the maker's markings. Many pieces will bear some type of stamp, sticker or other marking, which you can research using trusted online resources to learn who made them. From there, you can read about the maker to determine if the company or artisan is German. Some well-known German makers include Hutschenreuther, Meissen, Arzberg, Fürstenberg, Nymphenburg, Gmundner Keramik, Royal Porcelain Manufacture Berlin, Kahla and Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur. If you can't find any maker's markings, consider having a certified appraiser or experienced antique dealer help you. Find a wide variety of German pottery on 1stDibs.
- What is German pottery called?1 Answer1stDibs ExpertAugust 20, 2024What German pottery is called depends on its style. Pieces with embossed surfaces and thick, chunky glaze produced in West Germany are nicknamed "Fat Lava." Hard-paste porcelain produced in Germany is sometimes referred to as Meissen or Dresden porcelain, depending on its manufacturer. Early 20th-century pieces that show off naturalistic motifs inspired by the Art Nouveau movement may be called Jugendstil pottery. Shop a large collection of German pottery on 1stDibs.
- 1stDibs ExpertSeptember 23, 2024To identify West German pottery, look on the bottom or interior for markings. Many pieces will have markings with the words "West Germany.” Others may instead or also have markings with the maker's name. By researching the maker's mark, you can determine whether the manufacturer was a West German company. Well-known West German pottery manufacturers include Scheurich, ES Keramik, Ceramano and Ruscha. Some pottery also has an item or piece number on it; this can be used to learn more about your piece's age, style or line name and other characteristics. If you can't find any markings on your piece, you may wish to have a certified appraiser or knowledgeable antique dealer help you with identifying it. On 1stDibs, shop a large collection of West German pottery.
- 1stDibs ExpertApril 16, 2024The markings on West German pottery vary. Nearly all pieces will include the words "West Germany," indicating the place of origin. Some also feature a piece or style number and/or a company logo or marking. You can compare the markings on your pottery to images posted on trusted online resources to identify pieces. On 1stDibs, explore a selection of West German pottery.
- 1stDibs ExpertFebruary 21, 2024A number of brands are West German pottery. Among them are Scheurich, Bay, Carstens, Otto, Ceramano and Dumler and Breiden. Basically, any pottery company that operated in western Germany between 1949 and 1990 can be categorized as West German. On 1stDibs, explore an assortment of pottery from some of the world's top sellers.
- 1stDibs ExpertOctober 30, 2024Yes, some West German pottery is worth something. Fat Lava-style pieces are particularly popular among some collectors, and there is often a demand for pottery produced by specific West German makers, such as Scheurich, ES Keramik, Ceramano and Ruscha. Generally, the age, style, type and condition will influence how much a particular piece may be worth. To get an estimated value for a particular item, consult a certified appraiser or experienced antique dealer. On 1stDibs, shop a selection of West German pottery.
- 1stDibs ExpertApril 5, 2024What the numbers mean on West German pottery varies. In some cases, the numbers represent the date of production. More often, the numbers represent the piece number — indicating what order it was produced in — or the style of the pottery. On 1stDibs, explore a range of West German pottery.
Read More
This Paavo Tynell Chandelier Is a Radiant Bouquet
The alluring pendant light exemplifies the designer’s winsome mid-career work.
Ettore Sottsass Captures a Shooting Star in This Rare 1970s Floor Lamp
Before founding the Memphis Group, Sottsass bent the rules of lighting design with the wonderfully wavy Cometa.
You Don’t Need a Fictional Fairy to Get This Real Pinocchio Lamp
Warm chalet style meets cool Bauhaus functionality in Pietro Cascella’s cleverly carved creation.
Why Is Italy Such a Hotbed of Cool Design?
Patrizio Chiarparini of Brooklyn’s Duplex gallery sheds light on the lasting legacy of Italy’s postwar furniture boom.
With a High-Tech Flagship and Cool Collabs, Lladró Is Breaking the Mold for Porcelain Production
Thanks to its new leadership, the Spanish maker of figurines, busts and lighting is on a mission to update the art of porcelain for the 21st century.
Christopher Tennant’s Lamps and Dioramas Evoke Sunny Days and Seaside Locales
The former magazine editor blends elements of the Far East and America’s eastern shores, bringing wit and delight to his handmade, upcycled designs.
Paavo Tynell’s Snowflake Chandelier Warms Up Any Room
This circa 1950 piece by the legendary Finnish lighting designer spent the past several decades in a family's home in Michigan.
NASA Parachutes Inspired Lighting Designer Bec Brittain’s New Collection
In "Paraciphers," now on view at Emma Scully Gallery in New York, Brittain introduces works that were more than a decade in the making.